World Economy Outlook

World Economic calendar

Monitor real-time economic events and news using MacroVar economic calendar.

World Economic Overview interpretation

MacroVar presents here the following important leading, coincident and lagging indicators of the largest economies of the world:

1. Manufacturing PMI: Manufacturing PMI is a leading indicator of the manufacturing dynamics of a specific country. A pmi higher than 50 indicates expansion while lower than 50 indicates contraction. The absolute value represents the trend in manufacturing performance.
2. Manufacturing Y/Y%: Manufacturing PMI Year-over-Year (YoY) refers to the change in the Purchasing Managers' Index for the manufacturing sector over the same month in the previous year. It provides a perspective on how the manufacturing sector has performed over the past year, highlighting trends in growth or contraction. The Year over year value represents the manufacturing in manufacturing performance.
3. Manufacturing M/M%: Manufacturing PMI Month-over-month (YoY) refers to the change in the Purchasing Managers' Index for the manufacturing sector over the previous month.
4. Services PMI: Services PMI is a leading indicator of the services dynamics of a specific country. A pmi higher than 50 indicates expansion while lower than 50 indicates contraction.
5. Services Y/Y%: Services PMI Year-over-Year (YoY) refers to the change in the Purchasing Managers' Index for the Services sector over the same month in the previous year. It provides a perspective on how the Services sector has performed over the past year, highlighting trends in growth or contraction. The Year over year value represents the Services in Services performance.
6. Services M/M%: Services PMI Month-over-month (YoY) refers to the change in the Purchasing Managers' Index for the Services sector over the previous month.
7. GDP: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a key economic coincident indicator used to measure the overall economic performance of a country. It is based on data from the World Bank.
8. GDP Y/Y%: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (YoY) refers to the expansion or contraction of a country's GDP on an annualized basis.
9. CPI: The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services. It is used to calculate the cost of living and is a key indicator of inflation, which reflects the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and subsequently, how much purchasing power is eroding.
10. CB: The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services. It is used to calculate the cost of living and is a key indicator of inflation, which reflects the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and subsequently, how much purchasing power is eroding.
11. CB: Central bank interest rates, are crucial tools used by central banks to influence a country's economy.
12. CB B/S YoY: The year-over-year (YoY) analysis of a central bank's balance sheet involves comparing the balance sheet at the end of a given year with its state at the end of the previous year. This analysis provides insights into how the central bank's assets and liabilities have changed over a 12-month period.
13. Government Budget: A government budget is a financial statement presenting the government's proposed revenues and spending for a specific financial year.
14. Debt/GDP: Debt-to-GDP ratio is a key economic metric that compares a country's public debt to its gross domestic product (GDP). This ratio is expressed as a percentage and is used to gauge the country's ability to pay back its debt.
15. CA: Surplus and Deficit: A current account surplus indicates that a country is a net lender to the rest of the world, exporting more than it imports. Conversely, a deficit suggests that a country is a net borrower, importing more than it exports. Implications for the Economy: Persistent deficits can lead to increased foreign debt and may reflect underlying economic issues, such as a lack of competitiveness. Surpluses might indicate strong economic fundamentals but can also lead to tensions with trading partners. A current account deficit must be financed by a capital account surplus and vice versa.
16. UE: The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as the percentage of those in the labor force who are unemployed.

World economic model

Macroeconomics analyses the performance of a nation's overall economy using macroeconomic indicators like GDP, inflation, unemployment and Government Debt. This section analyses applied macroeconomics used by investors and traders to predict the World economy and countries’ economic and financial markets.

These principles are based on models and documentation of Ray Dalio, the founder of the world's largest hedge fund Bridgwater associates.

An economy is the sum of the transactions that make it up. A country's economy is comprised of the public and private sector. The private sector is comprised of businesses and consumers. There are two types of businesses manufacturing, and services. A country’s economy is also affected by the World economy since capital and products flow between countries.
Economic Aim: A nation's economy is healthy when there is real economic growth combined with steady inflation, low unemployment, and low debt.

Economic Growth: Economic growth is measured by GDP (Gross Domestic Product). There are two forms of GDP monitored. Nominal GDP and Real GDP. Nominal GDP is the total income of a country in a year. Real GDP is the total income of a country adjusted for inflation.

Inflation: Inflation (commonly measured by the country’s CPI) measures the rate of increase of the average prices of goods and services in an economy. When prices rise the purchasing power of money falls and vice-versa. Policymakers target an inflation rate of 2% which is considered healthy. Zero or negative inflation rates and high inflation rates of 4-5% are damaging for the economy. Hence policymakers react using monetary and fiscal policies. Learn more about the types and positive and negative effects of inflation.

Economic activity is driven by 1. Productivity growth (GDP growth 2% per year due knowledge increase), 2. the Long-term debt cycle (50-75 years), 3. the business cycle (5-8 years).

Credit (promise to pay) is driven by the debt cycle. If credit is used to purchase productive resources, it helps economic growth and income. If credit is used for consumption it has no added value (version 2 expand on this)

These factors cause economic cycles which has the following stages: 1. Expansion, 2. Peak, 3. Recession, 4. Depression, 5. Trough, 6. Recovery. Explore the macroeconomic cycle in detail.

Money and Credit: Economic transactions are filled with either money or credit (promise to pay). The availability of credit is determined by the country’s central bank. The degree to which debt is healthy for the economy depends on whether borrowed money is used productively to generate sufficient income to service the debt or not.

Country versus Rest of the World: A country’s finances consist of a simple income statement (revenue–expenses) and a balance sheet (assets–liabilities). Exports are imports are the main revenue and expense for countries. Uncompetitive economies have negative net income (imports higher than exports), which is financed by either savings (FX & Gold reserves) or rising debt (owed to exporters).

Debt: A nation’s debt is categorized as local currency debt and FX debt. Local debt is manageable since a country’s central bank can print money and repay it. FX debt is controlled by foreign central banks hence it is difficult to be repaid. For example. Turkey has US dollar denominated debt. Only the US central bank (the Federal Reserve), can print US dollars hence FX debt is out of Turkey’s control.

A country can control its debt by either: 1. Inflate it away, 2. Restructure, 3. Default. The US aims to keep nominal GDP growth above interest rates (kept low) to gradually reduce its debt.

Economic Growth vs Inflation Model

A nation’s economy is constantly changing and is affected by the country’s macroeconomic dynamics and its economic performance relative to the rest of the World (RoW).

The country’s policymakers (government and central bank) monitor economic conditions and use fiscal policy and monetary policy to control economic growth and inflation.

During recessions and depressions policymakers inject liquidity in the financial system to make new borrowing and repaying of existing debt easier. Conversely, during strong economic expansions accompanied with rising inflation, policymakers withdraw liquidity from the financial system to slowdown new debt and credit and reduce aggregate demand.

The diagram below shows what is the policy followed during four economic environments of inflation versus economic growth.